Automotive Engineering II

Air-spring bellows

Air-spring bellows

◄ Supporting Spring Cylinder with hydraulic level control system and adjustable damping

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Title Demands on a Vehicle Suspension Sinusoidal Pattern of Unevenness Periodic Pattern of Unevenness Spectrum of a Periodic Pattern of Unevenness Irregular Pattern of Unevenness Power Spectral Density of Unevenness Power Spectral Density of Unevenness dependent on Angular Frequency Power Spectral Density dependent onAngular Frequency Setup for Measuring Unevenness (ika) Working Principle of Contactless Distance Measurement Sensing of a Spectrum of Unevenness Constitution of the Spring Rate of a Pneumatic Tire Spring Rate of a Utility Vehicle Tire dependent on Inner Pressure Linearisation of the Spring Rate of a Tire Radial Spring Rate of a Utility Vehicle Tire dependent on Velocity and Slip Angle Damping Factor of a Tire Dependent onRolling Velocity and Excitation Frequency Title Front Axle of a Utility Vehicle suspended by Leaf Springs Leaf Springs - Simple Leaf Spring Leaf Springs - Trapezoidal Spring Spring Leafs - Parabolic Spring Spring Leafs with Additional Springs Spring Rate of a Leaf Spring with Additional Springs Spring Rate of a Leaf Spring with Dry Friction Development Stages of Leaf Springs Single Leaf Spring with Torque Rod Torsion Bar - Theory Torsion Bar Spring Coil Springs - Theory Relative Spring Rates Gas Springs - Basics Gas Springs - Hydropneumatic Gas- Filled Springs - Hydro-Pneumatic Spring Supporting Spring Cylinder with hydraulic level control system and adjustable damping Characteristic of the Load Capacity of an Air-spring Bellow Characteristic of Load Capacity of Air-Spring U-bellows Gas-Filled Springs - Pneumatic Spring Air-spring and Damper Unit with Bearing U-bellows Eigenfrequency of Different Suspension Systems Differences Between Steel Springs and Air Springs Title Tasks of a Damper Damper Design General Assembly of HydraulicShock Absorbers Monotube Damper Twintube Damper Typical Damper Concepts Damper Work Chart for the Determination of Damper Characteristics Damper Force depending on the Relative Velocity due to Damping Coefficient Influence of Damper Layout on Wheel Load Variation Dual Piston Damper (F&S, ADC-1) AdjustableDampers (F&S, ADC-1) Adjustable Dampers (F&S, ADC 2.2) Amplification Factors of Different Vehicle Seats Suspended seat Model of a Seated Person Amplification Function of Head Acceleration Lines of Equal Perception Intensity KZ Rated Vibration Intensity Lines of Equal Perception Intensity Title Tire models - Vertical Dynamics Tire models Laplace-Transformation Frequency Progression of the Tire Models Single-Mass Suspension Model Single-MassSuspension Model Differential-equations Amplification Function of the Single-Mass Suspension System Two-Mass Suspension Model Two-Mass Suspension Model Differential-equations Determination of the Amplification Function Determination of the Amplification Function Synthetically Generated Road Signal Vertical Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration of Road, Wheel and Body Parametric Variation with Different Wheel-Mass Parametric Variation with Different Spring Rates of Tires Parametric Variation with Different Body Spring Rates Parametric Variation with Different Shock Absorbers Influence of Constructive Changes on the Suspension Classification of ControlledSuspension Systems Electronic Damper Control (EDC) Characteristic Map for Damping Force Active Suspension Comparison between Trucks and Cars Influence of Frictional Forces within Springs Structure of a Three-Mass Suspension Model Amplification Function and Seat-Acceleration Title Single-Track Suspension Model Single-track Suspension Model - Equationsof Motion Single-Track Suspension Model - Natural Circular Frequencies and Damping Factors Single-track Suspension Model - Influence of Velocity Single-Track Suspension Model - Influence of Body-Eigen frequencies Single-track Suspension Model - Influence of Location of Measuring Point Configuration of Single-track Suspension Model with Coupling Mass Single-Track Suspension Model - Impulse Excitation "Hydrolastic" Compound Suspension Two-Axle Vehicle with Spring Coupling Platform Truck Model Semitrailer Truck Model Swing Tandem Axle with Hydraulic Damping (MB) Title Cybernetic Tasks of the Driver while Handling a Vehicle Control Loop Driver - Vehicle Demands on the Vehicle Characteristicsfor good ?Vehicle Behaviour? Demands on Tires of Road Vehicles Section of a Tubeless Passenger Car Tire Definitionof the Cord Angle Influence of the Carcass Cord Angle Bias Tire Radial Tire (Belted Tire) Pressure Distribution in Contact Area of straight running Tires Force Transmission in Longitudinal Direction Relationship between Rotational Slipand Friction Coefficient Friction Coefficient dependant on Velocity and Tread Depth on Dry Road Expulsion of Water Film out of Contact Area between Tire and Road Friction Coefficient for Braking Forces dependent on the Velocity and Water Film Height on the Road Friction Coefficient for Braking Forces dependent on the Tread Depth and Water Film Height on the Road Height-to-Width Ratio Definition of "Slip Angle" Deformation of the rolling Tire by a Lateral Force Fy Cornering Force dependent on Slip Angle - Wheel Load as Parameter Cornering Force dependent on Wheel Load - Slip Angle as Parameter Cornering Force dependent on Tire Pressure - Slip Angle as Parameter Aligning Torque M? dependent on Slip Angle Wheel Load as Parameter GOUGH Tire Performance Map Definition of the Camber Angle Camber Force F and Camber Torque M Cornering Force F dependent on Camber for different Wheel Load Lateral ?Longitudinal Force Characteristic Map Superposition of Tire-, Lateral-,and Longitudinal Forces Lateral ? Longitudinal Force Characteristic Map dependent on Brake Slip Quasistatic Loss of Lateral Force and Change in Aligning Torque due to Harmonic Variation of Wheel Load Lateral Forces as a Function of Tire Slip Amplitude, Frequency and Vehicle Velocity Phase Angle, Frequency and Vehicle Velocity Transient Tire Models Tire Behaviour of Transient Tire Models Transient Tire Behaviour Transient Tire Behaviour Title Single Track Vehicle Model Linearized Tire Slip Stiffness c for Different Tires Single Track Vehicle Model Motion Parameters Single Track Vehicle Model - Equations of Motion Steady State Cornering Steady State Cornering - Difference in Tire Slip Angle Driving Conditions with the Definition by Olley (1940) Steering Angle Characteristics on the Single Track Vehicle Model Steering Angle Characteristics on the Single Track Vehicle Model Different Definitions of Steering Behaviour Definition of Steering Bahaviour by BERGMANN (1965) Non-Stationary Behaviour Yaw Eigenfrequency and Yaw Damping as Dependent on Velocity Vehicle Characteristics dependent on Yaw Damping and Yaw Eigen frequency Yaw Amplification Factor as a Function of Vehicle Velocity Dynamic Behaviour of Control Element - Vehicle Time Functions of Vehicle Motion Variables after Stepped Steering Input Transfer Functions - Sinusoidal Steering Frequency Amplification Function Frequency Amplification Functions Frequency Amplification Functions Title ADAMS-Model of a Complete Vehicle forDriving Dynamics Simulation (Audi A8) Lateral force due to Tire Slip dependent on Tire Slip Angle and Wheel Load Longitudinal Force as a Function of Longitudinal Slip Testing Procedures for Driving Behaviour of Automobiles Sudden Steering Input Four Wheel Vehicle Model Simulation Results for Steady State Cornering - Left-Hand Bend Yaw Amplification Factor as a Function Of the Vehicle Velocity Overall View of Parametric Variations Simulation Results Parametric Version Nr.1 Forces on a Double-Track Springing Model During Cornering Wheel Load of the Double Track Springing Model Cornering Force dependent on Wheel Load Difference Simulation Results Parametric Variation Nr. 2 Simulation Results Parametric Variation Nr.3 Cornering Force with/without Stabilizer Bar Simulation Results Parametric Variation Nr. 4 Title Change in Wheel Position during Springing Absolute and Relative Camber Superposition of Cornering Forces by Tire Slip and Camber Simulation Results of Parametric Variation Nr.5 Definition of Toe Angle Characteristic Curves for Toe Angle and Camber Angle Simulation Results of Parametric Variation Nr. 6 Simulation Results of Parametric Variation Nr. 7 Additional Steering on Rear Axle Build-Up of Lateral Force immediately after Sudden Steering-Angle Change Simulation Results of Par. Variation Nr. 8 Characteristic Map of Additional Rear Axle Steering System for Sideslip Angle (Steady-State) Frequency Curve of a Vehicle with/without Sideslip Angle Compensation Dynamic Axle-Load Shift during Braking Difference in Yaw Velocity while Acceleratingout of Curve on Adherent Road Surface Difference in Yaw Velocity while Acceleratingout of Curve on Slippery Road Surface Causes for Load Alteration Effect Change of Lateral Force during Load-Alteration Effect Deviation of Center of Gravity CourseDuring Load-Alteration Effect Deviation of yaw Velocity 1s after Load-Alteration Effect (Front-Wheel Drive) Parameters which Characterize Vehicle Motions during Braking in Curves Yaw Moment while Braking under Split-Circumstances Elastokinematic Design of the Front Wheel Suspension Title Relationship between Steering Input and Change in Direction Demands on the Steering System Steering torque depending on vehicle velocity Steering Systems Position of the Steering Axis Front axle of a Mercedes Benz truck Position of the Steering Axis Virtual Steering Travel Axis - Audi A4 Castor angle,Castor trail in wheel centre,Castor offset, Wheel castor offset and Lateral force Castor angle and Castor offset depending on Steering angle Steering Return due to Lateral Force Disturbing force lever arm for longitudinal tire forces Weight-self-alignment due to spread angle Disturbing Force Lever Arm and Steering Offset depending on Steering Angle Definition of Toe Change in Camber during Steering Steering linkage concepts Ackermann Relationship between steering angle, slipangle and position of center of curve Toe Difference Angle as a Function of the mean Steering Angle Relationship between steering-wheel angleand steering wheel torque Steering Gear Ration under influence of Steering Torque Steering Components Rack-and-Pinion Steering System Worm-and-RollerSteering System Ball-and-Nut Steering System Operating-scheme of aBall-and-Nut Power Steering System, ZF Rack-and Pinion Power Steering System, ZF Operating scheme of the Servotronic Valve Characteristic of the Servotronic Characteristic of Steering Wheel Torque depending on Lateral Acceleration Title Independent Wheel Suspension, Schematic Rigid Axle, Schematic Twist Beam Axle, Schematic Multilink Wheel Suspension Spherical Wheel Suspension Plane Wheel Suspension Change of Wheel Base and Track Width Intantaneous Center of Axle in Longitudinal Plane Force Transmission between Contact Areaof Tires and Body during Cornering Intantaneous Center of Reciprocal Spring Travel Change of Position of Roll Pole during Cornering Forces on the Wheel Carrier during Braking and Accelerating Force Transmission between Contact Area and Body during Braking Force Transmission between Contact Area and Body during Acceleration Anti-Dive and Anti-Squat Transverse Link made out of Rubber with Vulcanized Inner Bushing Elastokinematics of a Wheel Carrier guided by Five Links with elastic Steering Rod Assessment Criteria of Wheel Suspensions Inclined Springing Angle and Brake Supporting Angle Title Rear Axle of Car Guided by Spring Leafs Statically Determinate Suspension on the Rear Axle of a Car, Ford Taunus Statically Indeterminate Suspension on the Rear Axle of a Car - Opel Rekord Lateral Guidance of a Rigid Axle by a Watt Linkage - Mazda RX 7 Change in Toe Angle of a Rigid Axle due to Reciprocal Spring Travel A-Bracket Rigid Rear Axle, Lancia Y 10 DeDion-Rigid Axle Opel Diplomat Torsion Crank Axle - Audi 80, 1972 Twist Beam Rear Axle - VW-Scirocco, 1974 Twist Beam Rear Axle - Audi A4, 1994 Twist Beam Rear Axle - Ford Fiesta,1995 Geometry of the Twist Beam Rear Axle during Roll Springing Function of Track Correcting Bearingsof Twist Beam Rear Axle Geometry of the Double Joint Swing Axle Double Joint Swing Axle, VW Beatle Single Joint Swing Axle with Compensating Spring, MB 220 (1959) Geometry of the Trailing-Arm Wheel Suspension Trailing-Arm Wheel Suspension with Torsion-Bar Spring - Renault 9, 11 Semi-Trailing-Arm Wheel Suspension ofa Driven Axle, Opel Omega (1994) Geometry of the Semi-Trailing-Arm Wheel Suspension Screw-Linkage Rear Axle BMW 5-series, 7-series respectively until 1996 and 1994 Non-Driven Semi-Trailing-Arm Rear Axle - VW Sharan, 1996 Geomety of the Plain Double-Wishbone Suspension Geometry of the Spherical Double-Wishbone Suspension Three Dimensional Double Wishbone Suspension of a Driven Front Axle - Honda Prelude Double Wishbone Front Axle - Mercedes-Benz E-Class, 1996 " Central Point Guided " Spherical Double Wishbone Rear Axle, BMW Z1 McPherson Front Axle Audi 100, 1991 Suspension-Strut-Type Wheel Suspension VW Golf IV, 1997 Reduction of the Clamping Forces within Piston Rod Guidance Reduction of the Clamping Forces within Piston Rod Guidance Elastokinema-tically Tuned Suspension-Strut-Type Front Axle Double Joint Suspension-Strut-Type Front Axle with ideal Steering Axis - BMW 5-series (1996 ) Shock-Absorber Strut Front Axle - MB 190 Four-Link Wheel Suspension- Audi A4, 1994 Five-Link Wheel Suspension - Chevrolet Corvette, 1983 Multilink Wheel Suspension - MB 190 Multilink Wheel Suspension - BMW 5-series, 1996 Automotive Engineering Lecture 2: Vertical Dynamics Automotive Engineering Lecture 2: Lateral Dynamics

Characteristic of the Load Capacity of an Air-spring Bellow ►