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Waste Management and Pollution Control
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Topic 1
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End of Pipe Solutions
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◄ Pollution Abatement Through Process Control
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Introduction
A History of Waste
Some Historical Dates
Types of Waste
The Implications of Waste
Waste Disposal
Control and Management
Defining Waste
Annex 1 Categories
Refining the Definition of Waste
Waste Classification
Figure 3: Government Classification of Waste
Table 1: Descriptions of Waste
Waste Organisation and Planning
After the Environmental Protection Acts 1990 and 1995
Figure 4: Waste Control Organisations
Figure 5: Key Players in Planning
The Future of Waste Management
The Government Waste Strategy
The Waste Management Hierarchy
The Development of a Waste Management System
Life Cycle Analysis
An Integrated Waste Management System
External Legislation Effects
Introduction
Waste Minimisation and the Consumer
The Cost of Waste
Waste Minimisation: The Systematic Reduction of Waste at Source
Waste Management Programmes
The Essential Ingredients
Step 1: Gain Support
Step 2: Gather Information
An Example of Information Gathering
Inputs and Outputs
Step 3: Decide Scope and Priorities
Step 4: Implement
Step 5: Measure Performance
Step 6: Develop Progress Review System
Focus on the Process
The Site Review
Process Detail
Task 4
Data Analysis: Mass Balance
Illustrations of the Method
The True Cost of Waste
Estimating True Cost of Waste
Task 6
Opportunity Checklist
Waste Reduction Prompts
Objectives
Introduction
Dispersion of Air Pollutants
Adiabatic Lapse Rate
Atmospheric Stability
Deviations from Predicted Rate
Temperature Inversions
Radiation Inversions
Subsidence Inversions
Smokestack Plumes
Smokestack Plumes (a) Coning Dispersion
Smokestack Plumes (b) Looping Plume
Smokestack Plumes (c) Fanning Plume
Smokestack Plumes (d) Fumigation
Smokestack Plumes (e) Lofting
Less Commonly Described Plume Phenomena
Conclusion
Objectives
Maximum Mixing Depth
The Ventilation Coefficient
Estimation of p
Worked Example
Further Study on Adiabatics
Air Pollution Models
Fixed Box Models
Problems of Over Simplification
Introduction to Section 2
The Solitary Stack
Diffusion Based Plume Models as Box Models
A Rough and Ready Model
Plume Rise
Briggs Fundamental Model
Application of the Gaussian Plume Model
The Basic Gaussian Plume Model
Limitations
The Dispersion Coeficients for Flat Open Terrain
Alternative Methods for Determining Dispersion Coefficients
Introduction: Approaches to Air Pollution Control
Pollution Abatement Through Process Control
Principles of Abatement Technology
The Importance of Henry's Law
Unit Operations Used in Air Pollution Abatement Technology
Removal of Particulate Pollutants
Settling Chambers
Cyclones (1)
Cyclones (2)
Cyclone Efficiency
Electrostatic Precipitators (1)
Electrostatic Precipitators (2)
Calculations Involving ESPs
An Example For You To Try
Fabric Filters
Collection via Impaction
The Filter Cake
Bag Cleaning Techniques
Task 5
Wet Scrubbers
Low Pressure Drop Systems (ctd.)
Particle Collection by Impingement
Impingement Plate Scrubber
High Pressure Drop Systems: Venturi Scrubbers
Why Use Venturi Scrubbers?
Liquid Scrubbing of Vapour Phase Pollutants Based on Chemical Reactions
The Manchester Process (1944-56)
Processes Based On Quinones
Disposal and Treatment of Stretford Liquid Effluents
The Claus Process for Sulphur Recovery
Task 6
Solid Phase Absorption
Thermal Processes
Best Practicable Environmental Option
Further Reading
Principles of Abatement Technology ►